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1.
Mycopathologia ; 188(6): 919-928, 2023 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37314581

ABSTRACT

Systemic candidiasis are high mortality infections caused by yeasts of the genus Candida, affecting patients with numerous risk factors. Nowadays, candidemia produced by "non-albicans" species has increased considerably. Timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment substantially improve patients' survival. Our objectives are to study the frequency, distribution, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of candidemia isolates in our hospital. We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Positive blood cultures were recorded from January 2018 to December 2021. Positive Candida genus blood cultures were selected, classified, and analyzed on their susceptibility profile for amphotericin B, fluconazole and caspofungin using AST-YS08® card for VITEK 2 Compact® to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and CLSI M60 2020 2nd Edition to determine breakpoints. 3862 positive blood cultures were obtained, 113 (2.93%) presented growth of Candida spp., corresponding to 58 patients. 55.2% came from the Hospitalization Ward and Emergency Services and 44.8% from the Intensive Care Unit. The species were distributed as follows: Nakaseomyces glabratus (Candida glabrata) (32.74%), Candida albicans (27.43%), Candida parapsilosis (23.01%), Candida tropicalis (7.08%) and others (9.73%). Most species were found to be susceptible to most antifungals, except for C. parapsilosis, presenting 4 isolates with resistance to fluconazole and N. glabratus (C. glabrata), whose clinical susceptibility data remains insufficient to provide accurate breakpoints. The percentage of recorded positive blood cultures of Candida spp. was 2.93%, these results were consistent with those reported at a regional level. A predominance of "non-albicans" species was observed. It is essential to know the prevalence, epidemiology, and susceptibility profiles of candidemia in our country, as well as being updated on its subsequent changes, maintaining epidemiological surveillance. This allows professionals to map out early and effective therapeutic strategies, staying alert of possible multi-resistant strains.


Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents , Candidemia , Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Candidemia/drug therapy , Candidemia/epidemiology , Candidemia/microbiology , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Uruguay/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Candida , Candida glabrata , Hospitals, University , Candida parapsilosis , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Drug Resistance, Fungal
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 40(3)jun. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515130

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La histoplasmosis es una micosis sistémica que afecta a humanos, su agente Histoplasma capsulatum, hongo dimorfo, es ubicuo en la naturaleza. Frecuentemente se presenta como reactivación en personas con infección por VIH/SIDA, con manifestaciones polimórficas y diseminadas. Las lesiones mucocutáneas son una importante llave diagnóstica. Objetivo: Contribuir al conocimiento de esta patología a través del reporte de los diagnósticos de laboratorio de histoplasmosis realizados en Uruguay en los últimos 10 años. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo de las histoplasmosis diagnosticadas en el laboratorio de referencia de Micología de Facultad de Medicina y dos laboratorios clínicos. Se enrolaron los registros clínicos y analíticos asociados. Resultados: Fueron 69 los diagnósticos de histoplasmosis. Más de 80% correspondió a personas con infección por VIH/SIDA. El 62,3% del total presentó lesiones de piel y/o mucosas y en 58% el diagnóstico se realizó mediante el estudio de estas. El 62,3% de los diagnósticos se realizaron mediante la visualización al microscopio óptico de frotis coloreados. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las histoplasmosis se vinculan a la infección por VIH/SIDA. El estudio micológico de las lesiones de piel y/o de mucosas, es accesible, mínimamente invasivo, rápido y presenta una excelente performance diagnóstica.


Background: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis that affects humans, its agent Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, is ubiquitous in nature. It frequently presents as reactivation in people with HIV/AIDS infection, with polymorphic and disseminated manifestations. Mucocutaneous lesions are characteristic and an important diagnostic key. Aim: To contribute to the knowledge of this pathology through the report of histoplasmosis laboratory diagnosis made in Uruguay in the last 10 years. Methods: We conducted an observational, retrospective study of diagnosed histoplasmosis in the Mycology reference laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and two clinical laboratories. Associated clinical and analytical records were obtained. Results: There were 69 histoplasmosis diagnoses. More than 80% corresponded to people with HIV/AIDS infection. 62.3% of the total presented skin and/or mucosal lesions and in 58% the diagnosis was made by studying them. 62.3% of the diagnoses were initially made by viewing colored smears under an optical microscope. Conclusions: Most histoplasmosis is linked to HIV/AIDS infection. Exposure to a high fungal load is a constant in cases of immunocompetent individuals. The mycological study of skin and/or mucosal lesions is accessible, minimally invasive, fast and has excellent diagnostic performance.

3.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 10(1): 51-65, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33306459

ABSTRACT

COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and declared by the World Health Organization a global public health emergency. Among the severe outbreaks across South America, Uruguay has become known for curtailing SARS-CoV-2 exceptionally well. To understand the SARS-CoV-2 introductions, local transmissions, and associations with genomic and clinical parameters in Uruguay, we sequenced the viral genomes of 44 outpatients and inpatients in a private healthcare system in its capital, Montevideo, from March to May 2020. We performed a phylogeographic analysis using sequences from our cohort and other studies that indicate a minimum of 23 independent introductions into Uruguay, resulting in five major transmission clusters. Our data suggest that most introductions resulting in chains of transmission originate from other South American countries, with the earliest seeding of the virus in late February 2020, weeks before the borders were closed to all non-citizens and a partial lockdown implemented. Genetic analyses suggest a dominance of S and G clades (G, GH, GR) that make up >90% of the viral strains in our study. In our cohort, lethal outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly correlated with arterial hypertension, kidney failure, and ICU admission (FDR < 0.01), but not with any mutation in a structural or non-structural protein, such as the spike D614G mutation. Our study contributes genetic, phylodynamic, and clinical correlation data about the exceptionally well-curbed SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Uruguay, which furthers the understanding of disease patterns and regional aspects of the pandemic in Latin America.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Mutation , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/virology , Disease Outbreaks , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Phylogeny , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , SARS-CoV-2/classification , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Uruguay/epidemiology , Young Adult
4.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 36(4): 131-155, dic. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BNUY | ID: biblio-1144755

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Más de 500 test o pruebas diagnósticas para COVID-19 se están comercializando en el mercado mundial o se encuentran en avanzada fase de desarrollo. En esta situación, sin precedentes, es importante comprender el tipo de ensayos disponibles así como su rol en el proceso diagnóstico. El diagnóstico preciso es clave en el manejo de la pandemia. Esto permite la adecuada identificación de los casos, lo cual habilita las medidas posteriores de control: búsqueda de contactos y aislamiento. En esta revisión describiremos el fundamento y la utilidad de los diferentes tipos de pruebas para diagnóstico etiológico disponibles. También estableceremos las condiciones preanalíticas necesarias para su realización, la sensibilidad y especificidad clínicas, así como la correcta interpretación y emisión de los resultados.


Summary: Over 500 COVID-19 diagnostic tests are available in the global market or are completing the final stages of development. Within this unprecedented framework, it is important to learn about the different types of trials available and understand their role in the diagnostic process. An accurate diagnosis is key for the handling of the pandemic, since it allows for the right identification of cases and thus entitles authorities to take the subsequent control measures: search for contacts and isolation. This review describes the foundations and usefulness of the different types of etiological diagnosis. It also establishes the pre-analytical conditions required to apply them, their clinical sensitivity and specificity, as well as the right interpretation and issuance of results.


Resumo: Mais de 500 testes ou exames diagnósticos para COVID-19 estão sendo comercializados no mercado mundial ou estão em estágio avançado de desenvolvimento. Nesta situação sem precedentes, é importante compreender o tipo de ensaios disponíveis, bem como o seu papel no processo diagnóstico. O diagnóstico preciso é fundamental para controlar a pandemia. Isso permite a identificação adequada dos casos, o que possibilita medidas de controle subsequentes: busca de contatos e isolamento. Nesta revisão, descrevemos a lógica e a utilidade dos diferentes tipos de testes diagnósticos etiológicos disponíveis. Também estabelecemos as condições pré-analíticas necessárias para sua realização, a sensibilidade e especificidade clínicas, bem como a correta interpretação e a liberação dos resultados.


Subject(s)
Clinical Laboratory Techniques , COVID-19
5.
medRxiv ; 2020 Oct 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33052352

ABSTRACT

COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and declared by the World Health Organization a global public health emergency. Among the severe outbreaks across South America, Uruguay has become known for curtailing SARS-CoV-2 exceptionally well. To understand the SARS-CoV-2 introductions, local transmissions, and associations with genomic and clinical parameters in Uruguay, we sequenced the viral genomes of 44 outpatients and inpatients in a private healthcare system in its capital, Montevideo, from March to May 2020. We performed a phylogeographic analysis using sequences from our cohort and other studies that indicate a minimum of 23 independent introductions into Uruguay, resulting in five major transmission clusters. Our data suggest that most introductions resulting in chains of transmission originate from other South American countries, with the earliest seeding of the virus in late February 2020, weeks before the borders were closed to all non-citizens and a partial lockdown implemented. Genetic analyses suggest a dominance of S and G clades (G, GH, GR) that make up >90% of the viral strains in our study. In our cohort, lethal outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly correlated with arterial hypertension, kidney failure, and ICU admission (FDR < 0.01), but not with any mutation in a structural or non-structural protein, such as the spike D614G mutation. Our study contributes genetic, phylodynamic, and clinical correlation data about the exceptionally well-curbed SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Uruguay, which furthers the understanding of disease patterns and regional aspects of the pandemic in Latin America.

11.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 74(2): 128-32, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26982990

ABSTRACT

Lumbar puncture in neurologically asymptomatic HIV+ patients is still under debate. There are different criteria for detecting neurosyphilis through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in cases that are negative through the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), regarding cellularity and protein content. However, a diagnosis of neurosyphilis can still exist despite negative VDRL. Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) titers and application of the TPHA index in albumin and IgG improve the sensitivity, with a high degree of specificity. Thirty-two patients were selected for this study. VDRL was positive in five of them. The number of diagnoses reached 14 when the other techniques were added. It was not determined whether cellularity and increased protein levels were auxiliary tools in the diagnosis. According to our investigation, CSF analysis using the abovementioned techniques may be useful in diagnosing neurosyphilis in these patients.


Subject(s)
Asymptomatic Infections , HIV Seropositivity/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , Neurosyphilis/cerebrospinal fluid , Treponema pallidum/isolation & purification , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Neurosyphilis/diagnosis , Sensitivity and Specificity , Treponema pallidum/immunology
12.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 74(2): 128-132, Feb. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-776438

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Lumbar puncture in neurologically asymptomatic HIV+ patients is still under debate. There are different criteria for detecting neurosyphilis through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in cases that are negative through the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), regarding cellularity and protein content. However, a diagnosis of neurosyphilis can still exist despite negative VDRL. Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) titers and application of the TPHA index in albumin and IgG improve the sensitivity, with a high degree of specificity. Thirty-two patients were selected for this study. VDRL was positive in five of them. The number of diagnoses reached 14 when the other techniques were added. It was not determined whether cellularity and increased protein levels were auxiliary tools in the diagnosis. According to our investigation, CSF analysis using the abovementioned techniques may be useful in diagnosing neurosyphilis in these patients.


RESUMO La punción lumbar (PL) en pacientes VIH+ neurológicamente asintomáticos es controversial. Existen diferentes criterios para detectar en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) neurosífilis (NS): el examen Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) en primer lugar, en caso de negatividad: la celularidad y el tenor de proteinas. Sin embargo el diagnóstico de NS puede ser sostenido a pesar de la negatividad de las técnicas mencionadas. La titulación del Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) y la aplicación del índice de TPHA en Albúmina e Ig G mejoran la sensibilidad asociando elevado grado de especificidad. 32 pacientes fueron seleccionados para este estudio, el VDRL fue positivo en 5. El diagnóstico se elevó a 14 cuando se sumaron el resto de las técnicas. No se evidenció que la celularidad y el aumento de proteínas fueran herramientas auxiliares para el diagnóstico. De acuerdo a nuestro trabajo el estudio del LCR con las técnicas señaladas puede ser de utilidad en el diagnóstico de NS en estos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Treponema pallidum/isolation & purification , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , HIV Seropositivity/cerebrospinal fluid , Asymptomatic Infections , Neurosyphilis/cerebrospinal fluid , Treponema pallidum/immunology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Neurosyphilis/diagnosis
13.
J Bras Pneumol ; 38(2): 264-8, 2012.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22576436

ABSTRACT

The incidence of pulmonary fungal infections is very low in Uruguay, and such infections typically affect immunocompromised patients. We report the case of an immunocompetent patient presenting with a two-month history of cough, dyspnea, and fever. The patient resided in a rural area. Imaging tests revealed extensive pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. On the basis of direct mycological examination, culture, and serological testing, we made a diagnosis of concomitant histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. The patient presented arterial hypotension that was diagnostic of adrenocortical insufficiency. Although the pulmonary fibrosis and pneumonia were irreversible, the clinical condition of the patient improved after antifungal treatment. This was an exceptional case of two pulmonary fungal infections occurring simultaneously in the same patient.


Subject(s)
Coinfection/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnosis , Paracoccidioidomycosis/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Uruguay
14.
J. bras. pneumol ; 38(2): 264-268, mar.-abr. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-623406

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de las micosis pulmonares en Uruguay es muy baja, y estas usualmente aparecen en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Se discute el caso de un paciente inmunocompetente proveniente de área rural, que presenta tos, disnea y fiebre de dos meses de evolución. La imagenología mostró una neumonitis extensa y fibrosis pulmonar. Los test micológicos directos, cultivo y serológicos muestran histoplasmosis y paraccocidioidomicosis en forma concomitante. El paciente presentó hipotensión arterial diagnosticándose una insuficiencia suprarrenal. A pesar de que la extensa fibrosis pulmonar y la neumonitis no fueron reversibles, el paciente mejoró clínicamente con el tratamiento antifúngico. Se trata de un caso excepcional de dos micosis pulmonares en un mismo paciente.


The incidence of pulmonary fungal infections is very low in Uruguay, and such infections typically affect immunocompromised patients. We report the case of an immunocompetent patient presenting with a two-month history of cough, dyspnea, and fever. The patient resided in a rural area. Imaging tests revealed extensive pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. On the basis of direct mycological examination, culture, and serological testing, we made a diagnosis of concomitant histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. The patient presented arterial hypotension that was diagnostic of adrenocortical insufficiency. Although the pulmonary fibrosis and pneumonia were irreversible, the clinical condition of the patient improved after antifungal treatment. This was an exceptional case of two pulmonary fungal infections occurring simultaneously in the same patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coinfection/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnosis , Paracoccidioidomycosis/diagnosis , Uruguay
15.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 22(2): 128-135, mayo 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429808

ABSTRACT

El aumento de la incidencia de las micosis profundas ha generado la necesidad de desarrollar técnicas para el estudio de la susceptibilidad in vitro a los antifúngicos. El método de microdilución en caldo es el de referencia, sin embargo métodos alternativos surgen ante la necesidad de diagnóstico en el laboratorio clínico, siendo el Etest el método de difusión en agar m s utilizado en nuestro medio. En este trabajo se evaluó el desempeño diagnóstico del Etest en comparación con la técnica de referencia y se correlacionaron las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIMs) por ambos métodos. Se estudiaron 80 cepas de Candida spp., proces ndose por Etest y por microdilución en caldo (protocolo M27-A2 del National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards [NCCLS]). Se probaron: anfotericina B (AB), itraconazol (ITZ) y fluconazol (FLZ). Se evaluó el desempeño diagnóstico del Etest con respecto a la metodología de referencia (EPIDAT, versión 2.0 para Windows) y se calculó la correlación mediante el coeficiente de Pearson. El Etest presentó para el ITZ una especificidad y sensibilidad diagnóstica de 44 por ciento y 92 por ciento respectivamente, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de 60por ciento y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de 85 por ciento. Para el FLZ la especificidad y sensibilidad fue de 85 por ciento y 12,5 por ciento, respectivamente, VPP de 45 por ciento y VPN de 49 por ciento. Para AB el Etest no captó ninguna de las cepas resistentes. Los valores predictivos fueron calculados para detectar resistencia empleando los puntos de corte del National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Los coeficientes de correlación fueron los siguientes: r = - 0,02 (AB), r = - 0,03 (FLZ) y r = 0,4 (ITZ). No se validó el método desde el punto de vista analítico por no existir correlación entre las CIMs obtenidas por el Etest y la técnica de referencia. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el desempeño diagnóstico de la técnica es poco confiable. Analizando el desempeño global del Etest a la luz de los conocimientos actuales no parece un método confiable para su uso en los laboratorios de an lisis clínicos.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance , Agar , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Immunodiffusion/methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods
16.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 21(3): 186-193, oct. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-414692

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de las micosis ha aumentado en los últimos años, destac ndose entre ellas las candidiasis sistémicas. La especie m s frecuente es Candida albicans; ésta ha sido reemplazada en 35 por ciento por otras especies de Candida "no albicans". La criptococosis es la micosis sistémica que se encuentra en segundo lugar en frecuencia, seguida m s raramente por otras. La identificación específica de estas levaduras es un paso crucial para establecer un diagnóstico y tratamiento correcto. Los medios cromógenos resultan atractivos por la sencillez y rapidez con que establecen el diagnóstico de especie mediante el desarrollo diferencial de colonias pigmentadas; CHROMagar Candida es uno los m s difundidos en nuestro país. Los objetivos de este trabajo son determinar el desempeño diagnóstico (sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo) de dicho medio con respecto a la metodología convencional y evaluar la concordancia entre ambas metodologías. Se estudiaron 127 cepas de Candida spp., 23 Cryptococcus neoformans, 8 Rhodotorula spp. y 6 Trichosporon spp. El an lisis estadístico se realizó mediante el programa EPIDAT. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un buen desempeño diagnóstico para la identificación de C. albicans. Para la identificación de especies "no albicans" el medio pierde francamente especificidad diagnóstica, destac ndose en particular los falsos positivos con C. krusei. Se concluye que este medio es confiable para la identificación de C. albicans, pero no es posible prescindir del estudio morfológico y eventualmente de otras pruebas complementarias para el diagnóstico específico, sobre todo para cepas de Candida "no albicans" y para otros géneros, dadas sus implicancias terapéuticas.


Subject(s)
Yeasts , Candida
18.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 18(2): 175-179, set. 2002. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BNUY | ID: lil-694278

ABSTRACT

Cyclospora cayetanensis (Ortega, Gilman & Sterling, 1994), es el agente emergente de la ciclosporiasis, nueva afección diarreica descrita como aguda y autolimitada, de dos a seis semanas de duración en inmunocompetentes y diarrea crónica intermitente en pacientes con sida. Esta afección y su agente han sido notificados recientemente en Uruguay, afectando a viajeros provenientes de áreas reconocidamente endémicas para este nuevo protozoario coccidio entérico. En la presente comunicación se examina la totalidad de la casuística conocida en el país, y se concluye que C. cayetanensis es en Uruguay un agente de diarrea del viajero, sin registro de ocurrencia autóctona hasta la fecha.


Summary Cyclospora cayetanensis (Ortega, Gilman, and Sterling, 1994) is the emergent agent of cyclosporiasis, a new acute and self-limited diarrhoeal disease. It lasts from two to six weeks when affects immunocompetent individuals and it causes chronic intermittent diarrhea in AIDS patients. This disease and its etiologic agent have been recently reported in Uruguay, affecting travellers coming from previously known endemic areas. In the present work, the whole number of cases in the country is reported. We conclude that C. cayetanensis is an agent of the traveller's diarrhoea in Uruguay, without occurrence of native cases so far.


Résumé Cyclospora cayetanensis Ortega, Gilman& Sterling, 1994), c'est l'agent émergent de la cyclosporiasis, nouvelle mala-die diarrhéique décrite comme aigue et auto-limitée, de deux à six semaines de durée en immunocompétentes et diarrhée chronique intermittente chez des patients avec Sida. Cette affection et son agent ont été récemment décrits en Uruguay et elle atteint des voyageurs qui viennent d'endroits reconnus comme endémiques pour ce nouveau protozoaire coccidien entérique. Dans cette étude, on examine toute la casuistique connue dans le pays, et on conclut que C. Cayetanensis est en Uruguay un agent de diarrhée du voyageur, n'ayant pas de registre autochtone jusqu'à présent.


Subject(s)
Cyclosporiasis , Diarrhea , Cyclospora , Travel-Related Illness
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